Examples of the Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis—which assumes that there is no meaningful relationship between two variables—may be the most valuable hypothesis for the scientific method because it is the easiest to test using a statistical analysis. This means you can support your hypothesis with a high level of confidence. Testing the null hypothesis can tell you whether your results are due to the effect of manipulating ​the dependent variable or due to chance. What Is the Null Hypothesis? The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between the measured phenomenon (the dependent variable) and the independent variable. You do not​ need to believe that the null hypothesis is true to test it. On the contrary, you will likely suspect that there is a relationship between a set of variables. One way to prove that this is the case is to reject the null hypothesis. Rejecting a hypothesis does not mean an experiment was bad or that it didnt produce results. In fact, it is often one of the first steps toward further inquiry. To distinguish it from other hypotheses, the null hypothesis is written as  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹H0  (which is read as â€Å"H-nought,† H-null, or H-zero). A significance test is used to determine the likelihood that the results supporting the null hypothesis are not due to chance. A confidence level of 95 percent or 99 percent is common. Keep in mind, even if the confidence level is high, there is still a small chance the null hypothesis is not true, perhaps because the experimenter did not account for a critical factor or because of chance. This is one reason why its important to repeat experiments. Examples of the Null Hypothesis To write a null hypothesis, first start by asking a question. Rephrase that question in a form that assumes no relationship between the variables. In other words, assume a treatment has no effect. Write your hypothesis in a way that reflects this. Question Null Hypothesis Are teens better at math than adults? Age has no effect on mathematical ability. Does taking aspirin every day reduce the chance of having a heart attack? Taking aspirin daily does not affect heart attack risk. Do teens use cell phones to access the internet more than adults? Age has no effect on how cell phones are used for internet access. Do cats care about the color of their food? Cats express no food preference based on color. Does chewing willow bark relieve pain? There is no difference in pain relief after chewing willow bark versus taking a placebo. Null Hypothesis Examples

Fate Or Free Will Controls Human Lives - 1609 Words

Generally, fate refers to the development of events beyond a person’s control (Aurobindo). As such, a fatalist is a person who believes that whatever happens is, and always was, unavoidable. Moreover, such a person strongly believes that he or she has no control over what happens the next moment, tomorrow, next year, or several years to come. Free will, on the other hand, is formed by the power of sanction (Aurobindo). In other words, it is consent by the spirit that it shall not be bound but that its enjoyment should be bound by time, space, and causality and by the swabhava and the dharma (Aurobindo). To determine whether fate or free will controls human lives, it is important to objectively analyse, synthesizes, and respond to the â€Å"critical conversation† that the authors of class readings seem to be engaging with regard to this subject. In connection to this, humanity has been fascinated by fate and free will for a long time. Some philosophers in the Ancient Gre ek and the Middle Ages believed that free will influenced human destiny while others believed that fate was responsible for what befell mankind. The theme of fate conspicuously permeates Homer’s famous poem, Ilad, from the first to the last sentence. The author asserts that death is a natural and unavoidable part of human existence from the onset by affirming that Akhilleus’ anger is doomed and ruinous. In this regard, fate – but not free will – defines consciousness in the Trojan War. Although everybodyShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology : Fate And The Fates1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of fate and the influence of gods on mortals’ lives are prominent aspects of Greek mythology. While the gods of Olympus are commonly presented as the primary manipulators of human lives, the Fates are the true creators of destiny. Gods may be able to affect human lives in monumental ways, but predetermined destiny and the Fates’ intentions ultimately reign. The gods have respect for this authority, as well, as they’re aware that a limit on their ability to intervene is necessary to maintai nRead MoreQuestions On Fate And Destiny1630 Words   |  7 PagesMichaela Radsma Humanities Mrs. Patchin 3 December 2015 Who’s In Charge? Fate and destiny are both shown to be predominant forces in the Iliad, and all mortals are subjugated to them; they are ultimately destined to fulfill a certain fate or prove themselves in some other way. For example, in the Iliad, Odysseus says that â€Å"We Achaeans are the men whom Zeus decrees, from youth to old age† (Iliad 105-107). Fate is revered and obeyed by mortals. However, the gods seem to be almost exempt from thisRead MoreWhat is The Meaning of Free Will in Life Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pages Free will is the idea in which individuals can have the power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate, and this idea of free will served as a prevalent theme in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five. Vonnegut illustrates the absurdity of no free will in Pilgrim’s world through the book’s nonlinear structure and unorganized plot. The novel is constructed as a series of inconsistent flashbacks and future incidents through the eyes of the prot agonist, Billy Pilgrim. Billy Pilgrim is ableRead MoreHow Fate and Free Will Play a Part in the Odyssey816 Words   |  4 PagesHow Fate and Free Will Play a Part in The Odyssey Fate and free will are epic subjects in life. When we cannot control something we blame it on fate, but we try to change the way things are with our free will. Fate is something unknown that determines what will happen. It may seem like a coincidence or may feel like an omen, but it is something no person controls for oneself. Fate, to some, may be in the hands of a higher power such as gods or God. For others fate is merely something that happenedRead MoreFree Will : Ancient Literature1536 Words   |  7 PagesConcept of Free Will: Ancient Literature in the West Free will is considered to be a philosophical term for a course of action among many possible options. It is a topic that almost every philosopher has debated for over two millennia. â€Å"Free will is defined as the ability to select a course of action as a means of fulfilling some desire† (O’Connor, 2002). Many philosophers think that free will is closely associated with moral responsibility as well as freedom of action. Free will is a human necessityRead MoreThe Downfall Of Sophocles Oedipus The King815 Words   |  4 PagesKing, the topics of fate and free will are exceptionally solid all through the play and. Both focuses could be contended to extraordinary impact. In old Greece, fate was thought to be a simple piece of everyday life. Each part of life depended and was based upon fate. It is nature conviction to accept that humankind does in reality have Free will and every individual can choose the result of his or her life. All Oedipus actions are given to him by God So, fate and free will control his downfall. Read MorePredestination: Fact, Fiction, or Fate1726 Words   |  7 Pagesat that exact moment in time or because that was part of a bigger plan the whole time. Humans have always wanted to believe in something bigger than them and that can be seen as far back as the Mesopotamian cultures with the worshipping of gods. Predestination is a concept which most people take the side of free will or fate because people do not want to admit there may be a greater being that has total control and knowledge; however predestination is more that the decisions that are made are allRead MoreThe Role of Faith and the Gods in Oedipus Rex Essays1713 Words   |  7 Pageswhat has power and control over his life. Does he have total control of his future, or is there a higher being at work that takes human lives into their own hands? Sophocles, in his work Oedipus Rex, establishes a view that gives fate, which is created by the gods, a seemingly inescapable characteristic over man. The role of fat e is clearly defined, through the fulfillment of divine prophecy, and Oedipus’ inability to recognize prophecy as a realistic source of knowledge, as a fate that strikes aRead MoreDestiny In The Aeneid1188 Words   |  5 PagesMany may tell themselves, â€Å"I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul†, William Ernest Henley’s, Invictus. Individuals often believe life is independent of outside forces; one does not often ponder whether situations that introduce decisions or experiences are controlled by fate and the gods. In Virgil’s The Aeneid, he introduces the notion that we are all subject to the workings of fate regardless of our will or desire; this is shown through the tragic romance between Aeneas, a TrojanRead MoreMacbeth Fate And Free Will Analysis1198 Words   |  5 PagesHumans love excuses. From the classic â€Å"my dog ate my homework† to â€Å"the FBI confiscated my essay on my way to school this morning†, excuses are almost as much a part of day-to-day life as language itself. Like most things that are apart of everyday life, excuses have also found their way into literature. However, while procrastinating high school students have â€Å"my pet gerbil, Wallace, made a nest out of my worksheet† , authors, especially those writing tragedies, have fate. The question of whether

How Can We Help the Homeless and Should We Searching for a Solution Essay Example For Students

How Can We Help the Homeless and Should We?: Searching for a Solution Essay How Can We Help the Homeless and Should We?: Searching for a Solution Essay Just a few months ago I was with my friends Mike and Kim and we had been walking around having a great time in the city. We then exited a store and Kim said something under her breath like, Oh, no, when I looked in the same direction to find a middle aged man with a drunken stare to him. She knew this man as the town drunk and he had been homeless for years. He asked us for the time and we replied, but he didnt just stop with that and followed us across the street talking up a storm. He was telling his whole life story in the fifteen minutes we stood there: he talked about how he grew up living poor with his family and how he wanted to be educated and go through college to get a good job so he could live well. But he said his parents just didnt have the money and it was impossible. I felt threatened as did Mike and Kim from the drunken gestures of this man and thought to myself, if this man wanted to make something of his life, I mean if he really wanted to, he would try harder and somehow do wh at he wanted. We tried to leave as soon as possible. But then I began reading these essays about the homeless and it started to change my mind. The essay Virginias Trap by Peter Marin especially effected me because of the way it portrays the young woman that has nothing going for her and almost everything against her. I though about this and decided I had misunderstood the whole plight of this population and thought there must be a better way to help these unfortunate people. How should we help the homeless and should we try even though they may not help themselves? I figure that is the most important question that needs to be answered if anything is to be done. Of the essays I analyzed Awalts Brother Dont Spare a Dime was the one essay that went against the idea of helping the homeless because the author thinks its their own fault for being the way they are. The other two essays are easier on the homeless and want to lend a helping hand. In Address Unknown: Homeless in Contemporary America James Wright thinks that helping the homeless by giving them more benefits that they will be more prosperous. Peter Marin has the same idea in Virginias Trap where the young woman is in need of just a little bit more money to stay the way she is in a home but doesnt receive enough. While Awalts narrow view of homeless people gives him the idea that all should not be helped in anyway, Wright and Marin go towards the idea of helping the people because they have already had a rough life and do in fact need this help to go anywhere in life. Awalts statement that homeless people are a waste of time is a very general statement in the least. Throughout his essay he only mentioned working with one homeless person trying to help him through a detoxification program. This person failed the procedure and left to go back to the streets and drink again. (Awalt 239) Just because this one person didnt have the endurance to undergo such an operation doesnt mean others wouldnt. What we need to have is a more hands on program with these homeless people to give them the attention that they need so that a majority of the people will not end up like this but eventually in their own homes. The opposite view is shared by Wright and Marin in their more lengthy and detailed essays. .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 , .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 .postImageUrl , .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 , .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7:hover , .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7:visited , .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7:active { border:0!important; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7:active , .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7 .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21cc80425515e3b1f8afb9d1c2b92ef7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparisons and Contrasts of Emily Grierson and Granny Weatherall Essay Wright starts out saying that not all homeless are the same and should not all be treated the same. He states there are different classes of homeless people and there are the worthy and unworthy homeless, meaning that only some deserve to remain this way because they dont try to live otherwise. These small amount of people, about five percent, dont deserve the time and money spent on trying to get them off the streets but the only way to find out if they dont is to try at least once with them. If it doesnt work out thats a small amount of effort .